The solar photovoltaic (PV) module is a key component in solar power systems, converting sunlight into electrical energy and playing a significant role in the shift toward sustainable energy. The module consists of photovoltaic cells, typically made from silicon, arranged in a grid to absorb light and generate electrical current. In addition to the cells, the module includes a glass sheet for protection, a frame for structural support, a backsheet to shield the cells from moisture, and an encapsulant layer to ensure the cells remain intact.

Beyond its technical function, solar modules have become an integral part of architectural design, being incorporated into building facades, rooftops, and windows. This integration enhances aesthetic appeal while efficiently generating energy. Some solar panels feature transparent properties, allowing for energy generation without blocking natural light inside the building. Additionally, solar panels are being used in large-scale public art projects, showcasing how technology can be both creative and functional.

Solar panels continue to advance, with innovative designs that blend functionality and beauty, promoting their use as a sustainable energy source in the future.